| Ingredient | Amount | % DV% Daily Value — how much of the recommended daily intake one serving provides, based on a 2,000 calorie diet. 100% = full daily need. Values over 100% are common for water-soluble vitamins (B, C) and generally safe. Values over 200% are highlighted. |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | 5000 IU | 100% |
| Vitamin E | 24 IU | 160% |
| Vitamin B6 | 20 mg | 100% |
| Vitamin B2 | 10 mg | 588% |
| Vitamin B12 | 10 mcg | 167% |
| Pantothenic Acid | 50 mg | 500% |
| Zinc | 16 mg | 106% |
| Iron | 10 mg | 66% |
| Copper | 900 mcg | 46% |
| Biotin | 500 mcg | 167% |
| Folic Acid | 200 mcg | 50% |
| Iodine | 150 mcg | 100% |
| Selenium | 70 mcg | 100% |
| Saw Palmetto | 400 mg | — |
| L-Cysteine | 200 mg | — |
| L-Methionine | 200 mg | — |
| Ginkgo biloba | 120 mg | — |
| Fo-Ti | 100 mg | — |
| MSM | 100 mg | — |
| Silica | 50 mg | — |
| Borage Oil | 4 mg | — |
Other ingredients: vegetarian Cellulose
This score evaluates label quality — dosage disclosure, transparency, cleanliness of inactive ingredients, and formula composition. It does not measure clinical efficacy, bioavailability, or third-party testing. Read full methodology
Same category, higher SupplementScore. Based on dosage transparency, label cleanliness, and formula quality.
The research summaries below are about the ingredients in general, drawn from published studies that often use different doses, forms, and populations than this product. A "strong" evidence rating for an ingredient does not mean this product will produce that effect — studied doses may be significantly higher or lower than what is contained here. Always verify doses against the Supplement Facts table above.
Essential for rhodopsin production in the retina. Deficiency causes night blindness — one of the earliest recognized nutritional deficiencies.
Critical role in maintaining mucosal barriers and immune cell function.
Zinc is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes involved in immune cell development and function. Supplementation may reduce duration of common cold symptoms, particularly as lozenges. Essential for maintaining immune barrier integrity.
Essential for skin integrity and wound repair processes.
Essential for red blood cell formation. Deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia, confirmed by decades of clinical evidence.
Involved in myelin synthesis and nerve function. Adequate B12 status supports neurological health, particularly in older adults and vegans.
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Alternatives are selected from the same category (B Vitamins) with a higher overall score. This is not a recommendation — always verify ingredients and dosages match your needs.
Cofactor in energy production pathways, but supplementation only helps if deficient.
Involved in neurotransmitter synthesis including serotonin and dopamine. Cofactor for over 100 enzyme reactions.
B6 is a cofactor in the transsulfuration pathway, converting homocysteine to cysteine. This is a separate pathway from the B12/folate remethylation route.
Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from oxidation.
May help protect skin from UV damage when combined with vitamin C.
Limited evidence. May help in cases of biotin deficiency but most people get adequate amounts from diet.
Essential cofactor for carboxylases involved in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism.
Iron supplementation is used to address iron deficiency. Should be taken under medical supervision as excess iron can be harmful.
Iron is essential for oxygen transport and cellular energy production.
Adequate folate intake before and during early pregnancy reduces risk of neural tube defects. This is one of the most well-established findings in nutrition.
Essential cofactor for nucleotide synthesis and cell division.
Adequate folate intake before and during early pregnancy reduces risk of neural tube defects. This is one of the most well-established findings in nutrition.
Essential cofactor for nucleotide synthesis and cell division.
At 400mg/day (far above RDA of 1.3mg), riboflavin may reduce migraine frequency. Effect is dose-dependent and not expected at typical supplement doses.
No FDA warnings or recalls on file.