Other ingredients: Silicon Dioxide
This score evaluates label quality — dosage disclosure, transparency, cleanliness of inactive ingredients, and formula composition. It does not measure clinical efficacy, bioavailability, or third-party testing. Read full methodology
Same category, higher SupplementScore. Based on dosage transparency, label cleanliness, and formula quality.
The research summaries below are about the ingredients in general, drawn from published studies that often use different doses, forms, and populations than this product. A "strong" evidence rating for an ingredient does not mean this product will produce that effect — studied doses may be significantly higher or lower than what is contained here. Always verify doses against the Supplement Facts table above.
Essential for rhodopsin production in the retina. Deficiency causes night blindness — one of the earliest recognized nutritional deficiencies.
Critical role in maintaining mucosal barriers and immune cell function.
Primary structural component of bones. Adequate lifelong intake, combined with vitamin D, helps prevent osteoporosis — supported by extensive clinical evidence.
Essential for muscle contraction through calcium signaling.
Supports immune cell function. Regular supplementation may modestly reduce cold duration, but does not prevent colds.
Potent water-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage.
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Alternatives are selected from the same category (Probiotics) with a higher overall score. This is not a recommendation — always verify ingredients and dosages match your needs.
Essential cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen production.
Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from oxidation.
May help protect skin from UV damage when combined with vitamin C.
Iron supplementation is used to address iron deficiency. Should be taken under medical supervision as excess iron can be harmful.
Iron is essential for oxygen transport and cellular energy production.
No FDA warnings or recalls on file.